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Nordic Soft Power and Eastern European Absence: Analysing the Strategic Role of Scandinavia and Romania’s Exclusion from the 2025 Gaza Peace Summit
Policy Paper The 2025 Gaza Peace Summit, held in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, represented a renewed international attempt to stabilise the Middle East after a prolonged period of violence and humanitarian crisis in Gaza. Convened under the joint auspices of the United States and Egypt, the summit brought together global and regional leaders to consolidate a fragile ceasefire, coordinate humanitarian assistance, and develop a framework for post-conflict reconstruction. Although direct representatives from Israel and Hamas were notably absent, the gathering sought