Executive Summary The parliamentary elections in the Republic of Moldova and the presidential elections in Ukraine, which took place in 2019, are the subject of this policy paper. The aim of the study is to analyze the Russian Federation’s foreign policy instruments and options in addressing the two electoral campaigns, how the narratives of Moscow’s official leaders have developed, as well as the interests of other stakeholders for whom the […]

This paper aims to contextualize the Russian interference in the American elections as a special type of political warfare that autocracy can use against a democracy. It builds on the insights of the so-called Gerasimov doctrine that somehow previewed the forthcoming normalization of societal cohesion attacks as well as “the weaponization of everything”. A major component of the wars of the 21st century will be about influencing the cognitive domain […]